Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion · chapter 4 · id influence-c4-06-pluralistic-ignorance----where
“Pluralistic ignorance -- where each bystander assumes others' inaction means no emergency exists -- explains why emergencies in public settings receive less help than those witnessed by a single person.”
VERIFIEDconfidence: high⚠ extracted by pipeline, re-audit pending
Receipts
Darley & Latane (1968), Bystander Intervention in Emergencies, JPSP 8(4)DOI registry: valid
Subjects who believed they were the only witness were more likely to help (85%) than those who believed four others also witnessed it (31%).
Fischer et al. (2011), The Bystander Effect: A Meta-Analytic Review, Psychological Bulletin 137(4)DOI registry: valid
Meta-analysis of 105 studies confirmed the bystander effect (d = -0.35) but found it was attenuated in dangerous emergencies where the need for help was clear.
This claim is a stable, citable object. If you can falsify a verdict, tell us. Corrections are loud here.